rollcall/cmd/rollcall/ca.go

package main

// The region is the certificate authority of its installation, the way the
// llmgw control plane is: one root every part trusts, leaves issued from it,
// identity in the subject.
//
//   - the region serves its API and UI over HTTPS with a certificate from it;
//   - rack controllers join with a one-time code (CA fingerprint, secret,
//     expiry, address in one word) and get a client+server certificate whose
//     common name is their name; from then on they talk to the region over
//     mutual TLS and the shared rack_secret is not needed;
//   - deployed machines trust it (cloud-init ca_certs), stateless overlays get
//     it as .CA, and `rollcall ca issue` hands out leaves for anything else.
//
// Nodes still boot over plain HTTP: PXE firmware and the live image have no
// way to check a certificate before they have one.

import (
	"context"
	"crypto"
	"crypto/ecdsa"
	"crypto/elliptic"
	"crypto/rand"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"crypto/x509/pkix"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/binary"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"encoding/pem"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"math/big"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"syscall"
	"time"
)

const (
	caValidity   = 10 * 365 * 24 * time.Hour
	leafValidity = 365 * 24 * time.Hour
	backdate     = time.Hour
	renewBefore  = 30 * 24 * time.Hour
	joinPrefix   = "rollcall-join1-"
)

type CA struct {
	Cert *x509.Certificate
	Key  *ecdsa.PrivateKey
	PEM  []byte
}

func randomSerial() (*big.Int, error) {
	return rand.Int(rand.Reader, new(big.Int).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 128))
}

func pemEncode(kind string, der []byte) []byte {
	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: kind, Bytes: der})
}

func newCA(cn string) (*CA, error) {
	key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	serial, err := randomSerial()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	tmpl := &x509.Certificate{SerialNumber: serial, Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: cn, Organization: []string{"rollcall"}},
		NotBefore: time.Now().Add(-backdate), NotAfter: time.Now().Add(caValidity),
		KeyUsage: x509.KeyUsageCertSign | x509.KeyUsageCRLSign, BasicConstraintsValid: true, IsCA: true, MaxPathLen: 1}
	der, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, tmpl, tmpl, &key.PublicKey, key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(der)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &CA{Cert: cert, Key: key, PEM: pemEncode("CERTIFICATE", der)}, nil
}

func parseCertPEM(b []byte) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
	blk, _ := pem.Decode(b)
	if blk == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("not PEM")
	}
	return x509.ParseCertificate(blk.Bytes)
}

func parseKeyPEM(b []byte) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
	blk, _ := pem.Decode(b)
	if blk == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("not PEM")
	}
	return x509.ParseECPrivateKey(blk.Bytes)
}

// loadOrCreateCA keeps the authority in dir as ca.pem / ca-key.pem.
func loadOrCreateCA(dir, cn string) (*CA, error) {
	cp, kp := filepath.Join(dir, "ca.pem"), filepath.Join(dir, "ca-key.pem")
	if cb, err := os.ReadFile(cp); err == nil {
		kb, err := os.ReadFile(kp)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		cert, err := parseCertPEM(cb)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", cp, err)
		}
		key, err := parseKeyPEM(kb)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", kp, err)
		}
		return &CA{Cert: cert, Key: key, PEM: cb}, nil
	}
	ca, err := newCA(cn)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o750); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	kder, _ := x509.MarshalECPrivateKey(ca.Key)
	if err := os.WriteFile(kp, pemEncode("EC PRIVATE KEY", kder), 0o600); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if err := os.WriteFile(cp, ca.PEM, 0o644); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	log.Printf("created certificate authority %q in %s (fingerprint %s)", cn, dir, ca.Fingerprint())
	return ca, nil
}

func certFingerprint(c *x509.Certificate) [32]byte { return sha256.Sum256(c.Raw) }

// Fingerprint is the SHA-256 of the CA certificate, as people compare it.
func (ca *CA) Fingerprint() string { return fpString(certFingerprint(ca.Cert)) }

func fpString(sum [32]byte) string {
	h := hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
	var p []string
	for i := 0; i < len(h); i += 2 {
		p = append(p, strings.ToUpper(h[i:i+2]))
	}
	return "sha256:" + strings.Join(p, ":")
}

func splitHosts(hosts []string) (ips []net.IP, dns []string) {
	seen := map[string]bool{}
	for _, h := range hosts {
		h = strings.Trim(strings.TrimSpace(h), "[]")
		if h == "" || seen[h] {
			continue
		}
		seen[h] = true
		if ip := net.ParseIP(h); ip != nil {
			ips = append(ips, ip)
		} else {
			dns = append(dns, h)
		}
	}
	return
}

// sign issues a certificate for pub with the given name, hosts and usages.
func (ca *CA) sign(pub crypto.PublicKey, cn string, hosts []string, usage ...x509.ExtKeyUsage) ([]byte, *x509.Certificate, error) {
	serial, err := randomSerial()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	tmpl := &x509.Certificate{SerialNumber: serial, Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: cn, Organization: []string{"rollcall"}},
		NotBefore: time.Now().Add(-backdate), NotAfter: time.Now().Add(leafValidity),
		KeyUsage: x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature | x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment, ExtKeyUsage: usage}
	tmpl.IPAddresses, tmpl.DNSNames = splitHosts(hosts)
	der, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, tmpl, ca.Cert, pub, ca.Key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(der)
	return pemEncode("CERTIFICATE", der), cert, err
}

// canDelegate: the root may sign intermediate CAs (roots before path length 1 cannot).
func (ca *CA) canDelegate() bool {
	return !(ca.Cert.MaxPathLen == 0 && ca.Cert.MaxPathLenZero)
}

// parsePermits splits "int.example.com,10.213.0.0/16" into DNS and IP constraints.
func parsePermits(list string) (dns []string, nets []*net.IPNet, err error) {
	for _, p := range strings.Split(list, ",") {
		p = strings.TrimSpace(p)
		if p == "" {
			continue
		}
		if _, n, e := net.ParseCIDR(p); e == nil {
			nets = append(nets, n)
			continue
		}
		if net.ParseIP(p) != nil {
			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: give an address range as CIDR", p)
		}
		dns = append(dns, strings.TrimPrefix(strings.ToLower(p), "*."))
	}
	return dns, nets, nil
}

// intermediate signs a CA certificate for pub that may issue only below the
// permitted DNS names and inside the permitted address ranges, one level deep.
func (ca *CA) intermediate(pub crypto.PublicKey, cn string, dns []string, nets []*net.IPNet, validity time.Duration) ([]byte, *x509.Certificate, error) {
	if !ca.canDelegate() {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("this root was created with path length 0 and cannot sign intermediate CAs; `rollcall ca rotate` replaces it with one that can")
	}
	serial, err := randomSerial()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	if validity <= 0 || validity > caValidity {
		validity = 365 * 24 * time.Hour
	}
	if na := ca.Cert.NotAfter; time.Now().Add(validity).After(na) {
		validity = time.Until(na)
	}
	tmpl := &x509.Certificate{SerialNumber: serial, Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: cn, Organization: []string{"rollcall"}},
		NotBefore: time.Now().Add(-backdate), NotAfter: time.Now().Add(validity),
		KeyUsage: x509.KeyUsageCertSign | x509.KeyUsageCRLSign | x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature, BasicConstraintsValid: true, IsCA: true, MaxPathLenZero: true,
		PermittedDNSDomainsCritical: len(dns)+len(nets) > 0, PermittedDNSDomains: dns, PermittedIPRanges: nets}
	der, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, tmpl, ca.Cert, pub, ca.Key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(der)
	return pemEncode("CERTIFICATE", der), cert, err
}

// issue makes a key and a certificate for it.
func (ca *CA) issue(cn string, hosts []string, usage ...x509.ExtKeyUsage) (certPEM, keyPEM []byte, err error) {
	key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	certPEM, _, err = ca.sign(&key.PublicKey, cn, hosts, usage...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	kder, _ := x509.MarshalECPrivateKey(key)
	return certPEM, pemEncode("EC PRIVATE KEY", kder), nil
}

// hostAddresses: names and addresses this machine answers on (no link-local).
func hostAddresses() []string {
	h, _ := os.Hostname()
	out := []string{"localhost", "127.0.0.1", "::1"}
	if h != "" {
		out = append(out, h)
	}
	ifs, _ := net.Interfaces()
	for _, i := range ifs {
		addrs, _ := i.Addrs()
		for _, a := range addrs {
			if ipn, ok := a.(*net.IPNet); ok && !ipn.IP.IsLinkLocalUnicast() && !ipn.IP.IsLoopback() {
				out = append(out, ipn.IP.String())
			}
		}
	}
	return out
}

// regionCert keeps dir/region.pem valid for every name and address the region has.
func regionCert(ca *CA, dir string, extra []string) (tls.Certificate, error) {
	cp, kp := filepath.Join(dir, "region.pem"), filepath.Join(dir, "region-key.pem")
	want := append(hostAddresses(), extra...)
	if cb, err := os.ReadFile(cp); err == nil {
		if cert, err := parseCertPEM(cb); err == nil && time.Until(cert.NotAfter) > renewBefore && cert.CheckSignatureFrom(ca.Cert) == nil && coversHosts(cert, want) {
			if pair, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(cp, kp); err == nil {
				pair.Certificate = append(pair.Certificate, ca.Cert.Raw)
				return pair, nil
			}
		}
	}
	h, _ := os.Hostname()
	certPEM, keyPEM, err := ca.issue("rollcall region "+h, want, x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth)
	if err != nil {
		return tls.Certificate{}, err
	}
	if err := os.WriteFile(kp, keyPEM, 0o600); err != nil {
		return tls.Certificate{}, err
	}
	if err := os.WriteFile(cp, certPEM, 0o644); err != nil {
		return tls.Certificate{}, err
	}
	log.Printf("issued the region's TLS certificate for %s", strings.Join(want, " "))
	pair, err := tls.X509KeyPair(certPEM, keyPEM)
	if err != nil {
		return pair, err
	}
	pair.Certificate = append(pair.Certificate, ca.Cert.Raw) // clients that pin the CA find it in the chain
	return pair, nil
}

func coversHosts(c *x509.Certificate, hosts []string) bool {
	for _, h := range hosts {
		if c.VerifyHostname(strings.Trim(h, "[]")) != nil {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------- join codes

type joinCode struct {
	Fingerprint [16]byte // first half of the CA certificate's SHA-256
	Secret      [16]byte
	Expires     int64
	Addr        string // host:port of the region's HTTPS listener
}

func (c joinCode) String() string {
	b := make([]byte, 0, 36+len(c.Addr))
	b = append(b, c.Fingerprint[:]...)
	b = append(b, c.Secret[:]...)
	b = binary.BigEndian.AppendUint32(b, uint32(c.Expires))
	b = append(b, c.Addr...)
	return joinPrefix + base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(b)
}

func parseJoinCode(s string) (joinCode, error) {
	raw, ok := strings.CutPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(s), joinPrefix)
	if !ok {
		return joinCode{}, errors.New("not a join code: it starts " + joinPrefix)
	}
	b, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(raw)
	if err != nil || len(b) < 36+3 {
		return joinCode{}, errors.New("the join code is damaged: copy it whole")
	}
	var c joinCode
	copy(c.Fingerprint[:], b[:16])
	copy(c.Secret[:], b[16:32])
	c.Expires = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[32:36]))
	c.Addr = string(b[36:])
	if _, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(c.Addr); err != nil {
		return joinCode{}, errors.New("the join code is damaged: copy it whole")
	}
	if time.Now().Unix() > c.Expires {
		return joinCode{}, fmt.Errorf("the join code expired at %s; ask for a new one", time.Unix(c.Expires, 0).Format(time.RFC3339))
	}
	return c, nil
}

// pinnedTLS trusts a server whose chain carries the CA with this fingerprint.
func pinnedTLS(fp [16]byte) *tls.Config {
	return &tls.Config{MinVersion: tls.VersionTLS12, InsecureSkipVerify: true, //nolint:gosec // verified below against the pinned CA
		VerifyPeerCertificate: func(raw [][]byte, _ [][]*x509.Certificate) error {
			var leaf *x509.Certificate
			for i, r := range raw {
				c, err := x509.ParseCertificate(r)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				if i == 0 {
					leaf = c
				}
				sum := sha256.Sum256(r)
				if c.IsCA && string(sum[:16]) == string(fp[:]) {
					pool := x509.NewCertPool()
					pool.AddCert(c)
					_, err := leaf.Verify(x509.VerifyOptions{Roots: pool})
					return err
				}
			}
			return errors.New("the server's certificate is not from the authority this code is for")
		}}
}

func (s *Store) PutJoinToken(ctx context.Context, hash, name string, expires time.Time) error {
	_, err := s.pool.Exec(ctx, `INSERT INTO join_tokens(hash, name, expires) VALUES ($1,nullif($2,''),$3)`, hash, name, expires)
	return err
}

// UseJoinToken consumes a token; it returns the name it was bound to.
func (s *Store) UseJoinToken(ctx context.Context, hash string) (string, error) {
	var name string
	err := s.pool.QueryRow(ctx, `UPDATE join_tokens SET used=now() WHERE hash=$1 AND used IS NULL AND expires > now() RETURNING coalesce(name,'')`, hash).Scan(&name)
	if err != nil {
		return "", errors.New("unknown, used or expired join code")
	}
	return name, nil
}

func (s *Store) SetRackCert(ctx context.Context, name, serial string, expires time.Time) error {
	_, err := s.pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE rack_controllers SET cert_serial=$2, cert_expires=$3 WHERE name=$1`, name, serial, expires)
	return err
}

func (s *Store) RackCertSerial(ctx context.Context, name string) string {
	var serial string
	_ = s.pool.QueryRow(ctx, `SELECT coalesce(cert_serial,'') FROM rack_controllers WHERE name=$1`, name).Scan(&serial)
	return serial
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------- HTTP

// peerRack is the rack controller a mutual-TLS request comes from, if any:
// a verified client certificate whose serial is the one on record.
func (a *App) peerRack(r *http.Request) string {
	if r.TLS == nil || len(r.TLS.VerifiedChains) == 0 || len(r.TLS.PeerCertificates) == 0 {
		return ""
	}
	c := r.TLS.PeerCertificates[0]
	name := strings.TrimPrefix(c.Subject.CommonName, "rack:")
	if name == c.Subject.CommonName { // only rack certificates
		return ""
	}
	if a.store.RackCertSerial(r.Context(), name) != c.SerialNumber.Text(16) {
		return ""
	}
	return name
}

func (a *App) handleCAPEM(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if a.ca == nil {
		http.NotFound(w, r)
		return
	}
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/x-pem-file")
	w.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", `attachment; filename="rollcall-ca.pem"`)
	w.Header().Set("X-Rollcall-CA-Fingerprint", a.ca.Fingerprint())
	_, _ = w.Write(a.ca.PEM)
}

// handleJoinCode makes a one-time code for a rack controller (admin).
func (a *App) handleJoinCode(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if a.ca == nil || a.cfg.TLSListen == "" {
		fail(w, 409, errors.New("the region has no TLS listener (tls_listen)"))
		return
	}
	var req struct {
		Name string `json:"name"`
		TTL  int    `json:"ttl_minutes"`
		Addr string `json:"addr"`
	}
	_ = json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req)
	if req.TTL <= 0 {
		req.TTL = 60
	}
	addr := req.Addr
	if addr == "" {
		host := r.Host
		if h, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(host); err == nil {
			host = h
		}
		if ip := net.ParseIP(strings.Trim(host, "[]")); (ip != nil && ip.IsLoopback()) || host == "localhost" {
			fail(w, 400, errors.New("say where rack controllers reach the region's HTTPS: addr (CLI -addr host:443)"))
			return
		}
		_, port, _ := net.SplitHostPort(a.cfg.TLSListen)
		addr = net.JoinHostPort(strings.Trim(host, "[]"), port)
	}
	var c joinCode
	sum := certFingerprint(a.ca.Cert)
	copy(c.Fingerprint[:], sum[:16])
	_, _ = rand.Read(c.Secret[:])
	c.Expires = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(req.TTL) * time.Minute).Unix()
	c.Addr = addr
	h := sha256.Sum256(c.Secret[:])
	if err := a.store.PutJoinToken(r.Context(), hex.EncodeToString(h[:]), req.Name, time.Unix(c.Expires, 0)); err != nil {
		fail(w, 500, err)
		return
	}
	writeJSON(w, 200, obj{"code": c.String(), "expires": time.Unix(c.Expires, 0), "addr": addr, "name": req.Name, "ca_fingerprint": a.ca.Fingerprint()})
}

type enrollRequest struct {
	Secret string         `json:"secret"` // base64 of the code's secret
	Name   string         `json:"name"`
	CSR    string         `json:"csr"`
	Rack   RackController `json:"rack"`
}

func (a *App) signRackCSR(csrPEM, name string, rc RackController) ([]byte, *x509.Certificate, error) {
	blk, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(csrPEM))
	if blk == nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("csr is not PEM")
	}
	csr, err := x509.ParseCertificateRequest(blk.Bytes)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	if err := csr.CheckSignature(); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	hosts := []string{name}
	if u := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimPrefix(rc.URL, "http://"), "https://"); u != "" {
		if h, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(u); err == nil {
			hosts = append(hosts, h)
		} else {
			hosts = append(hosts, strings.Trim(u, "/[]"))
		}
	}
	for _, i := range rc.Interfaces {
		for _, ad := range i.Addrs {
			hosts = append(hosts, stripPrefix(ad))
		}
	}
	return a.ca.sign(csr.PublicKey, "rack:"+name, hosts, x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth, x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth)
}

// handleRackEnroll: a rack controller presents a join code's secret and a CSR
// over TLS; it gets a certificate and the CA. No admin token, no client cert.
func (a *App) handleRackEnroll(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if r.TLS == nil || a.ca == nil {
		fail(w, 400, errors.New("enrollment needs HTTPS"))
		return
	}
	var req enrollRequest
	if err := json.NewDecoder(http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, 1<<20)).Decode(&req); err != nil {
		fail(w, 400, err)
		return
	}
	sec, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(req.Secret)
	if err != nil {
		fail(w, 400, err)
		return
	}
	h := sha256.Sum256(sec)
	bound, err := a.store.UseJoinToken(r.Context(), hex.EncodeToString(h[:]))
	if err != nil {
		fail(w, 401, err)
		return
	}
	name := req.Name
	if bound != "" {
		name = bound
	}
	if !tagNameRe.MatchString(name) || name == a.cfg.RackName {
		fail(w, 400, fmt.Errorf("bad rack controller name %q", name))
		return
	}
	certPEM, cert, err := a.signRackCSR(req.CSR, name, req.Rack)
	if err != nil {
		fail(w, 400, err)
		return
	}
	rc := req.Rack
	rc.Name, rc.Kind = name, "remote"
	if err := a.store.PutRackController(r.Context(), rc); err != nil {
		fail(w, 500, err)
		return
	}
	if err := a.store.SetRackCert(r.Context(), name, cert.SerialNumber.Text(16), cert.NotAfter); err != nil {
		fail(w, 500, err)
		return
	}
	a.reloadRacks(r.Context())
	a.hub.bump()
	log.Printf("rack controller %s enrolled from %s, certificate until %s", name, r.RemoteAddr, cert.NotAfter.Format("2006-01-02"))
	writeJSON(w, 200, obj{"name": name, "cert": string(certPEM), "ca": string(a.ca.PEM)})
}

// handleRackRenew issues a new certificate to a rack controller that still has a valid one.
func (a *App) handleRackRenew(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, rack string) {
	if a.peerRack(r) != rack {
		fail(w, 401, errors.New("renewal needs the current certificate"))
		return
	}
	var req enrollRequest
	if err := json.NewDecoder(http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, 1<<20)).Decode(&req); err != nil {
		fail(w, 400, err)
		return
	}
	rc := a.racksSnapshot()[rack]
	certPEM, cert, err := a.signRackCSR(req.CSR, rack, rc)
	if err != nil {
		fail(w, 400, err)
		return
	}
	if err := a.store.SetRackCert(r.Context(), rack, cert.SerialNumber.Text(16), cert.NotAfter); err != nil {
		fail(w, 500, err)
		return
	}
	log.Printf("rack controller %s renewed its certificate, until %s", rack, cert.NotAfter.Format("2006-01-02"))
	writeJSON(w, 200, obj{"name": rack, "cert": string(certPEM), "ca": string(a.ca.PEM)})
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------- CLI: rollcall ca (on the region host)

func caCmd(args []string) error {
	cfg, err := loadConfig(envOr("ROLLCALL_CONFIG", "/etc/rollcall/config.json"))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if len(args) == 0 || args[0] == "show" {
		cb, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(cfg.CADir, "ca.pem"))
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("no CA yet (it is created when rollcall serve starts): %w", err)
		}
		c, err := parseCertPEM(cb)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Printf("%s\n  subject     %s\n  valid until %s\n  fingerprint %s\n", filepath.Join(cfg.CADir, "ca.pem"), c.Subject.CommonName,
			c.NotAfter.Format("2006-01-02"), fpString(certFingerprint(c)))
		if rb, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(cfg.CADir, "region.pem")); err == nil {
			if rc, err := parseCertPEM(rb); err == nil {
				names := append([]string{}, rc.DNSNames...)
				for _, ip := range rc.IPAddresses {
					names = append(names, ip.String())
				}
				sort.Strings(names)
				fmt.Printf("region certificate until %s for %s\n", rc.NotAfter.Format("2006-01-02"), strings.Join(names, " "))
			}
		}
		return nil
	}
	switch {
	case args[0] == "intermediate" && len(args) >= 2:
		return caIntermediateCmd(cfg, args[1], args[2:])
	case args[0] == "rotate":
		return caRotateCmd(cfg, args[1:])
	case args[0] != "issue" || len(args) < 2:
		usage()
	}
	fs := newFlags("ca issue")
	hosts := fs.String("host", "", "comma-separated DNS names and addresses")
	client := fs.Bool("client", false, "client certificate (identifies its holder) instead of a server one")
	out := fs.String("out", ".", "directory for NAME.pem and NAME-key.pem")
	_ = fs.Parse(args[2:])
	ca, err := loadOrCreateCA(cfg.CADir, "rollcall CA")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var hs []string
	if *hosts != "" {
		hs = strings.Split(*hosts, ",")
	}
	usage := x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth
	if *client {
		usage = x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth
	} else if len(hs) == 0 {
		return errors.New("a server certificate needs -host")
	}
	certPEM, keyPEM, err := ca.issue(args[1], hs, usage)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(*out, args[1]+"-key.pem"), keyPEM, 0o600); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(*out, args[1]+".pem"), append(certPEM, ca.PEM...), 0o644); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	fmt.Printf("wrote %s.pem (with the CA) and %s-key.pem in %s, valid until %s\n", args[1], args[1], *out, time.Now().Add(leafValidity).Format("2006-01-02"))
	return nil
}

// rollcall ca intermediate NAME -permit DOMAIN,CIDR [-csr FILE] [-days N] [-out DIR]
func caIntermediateCmd(cfg *Config, name string, args []string) error {
	fs := newFlags("ca intermediate")
	permit := fs.String("permit", "", "comma-separated DNS domains and CIDRs it may issue for (required)")
	csrFile := fs.String("csr", "", "sign this CSR (the key stays where it was made); without it a key is generated")
	days := fs.Int("days", 365, "validity in days")
	out := fs.String("out", ".", "directory for NAME.pem (+ NAME-key.pem without -csr)")
	unconstrained := fs.Bool("unconstrained", false, "allow an intermediate without name constraints")
	_ = fs.Parse(args)
	dns, nets, err := parsePermits(*permit)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if len(dns)+len(nets) == 0 && !*unconstrained {
		return errors.New("an intermediate needs -permit (e.g. -permit int.example.com,10.213.0.0/16); -unconstrained to override")
	}
	ca, err := loadOrCreateCA(cfg.CADir, "rollcall CA")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var pub crypto.PublicKey
	var keyPEM []byte
	if *csrFile != "" {
		b, err := os.ReadFile(*csrFile)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		blk, _ := pem.Decode(b)
		if blk == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("%s: not PEM", *csrFile)
		}
		csr, err := x509.ParseCertificateRequest(blk.Bytes)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if err := csr.CheckSignature(); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("CSR signature: %w", err)
		}
		pub = csr.PublicKey
	} else {
		key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		pub = &key.PublicKey
		kder, _ := x509.MarshalECPrivateKey(key)
		keyPEM = pemEncode("EC PRIVATE KEY", kder)
	}
	certPEM, cert, err := ca.intermediate(pub, name, dns, nets, time.Duration(*days)*24*time.Hour)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if keyPEM != nil {
		if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(*out, name+"-key.pem"), keyPEM, 0o600); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(*out, name+".pem"), certPEM, 0o644); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var permits []string
	permits = append(permits, dns...)
	for _, n := range nets {
		permits = append(permits, n.String())
	}
	fmt.Printf("wrote %s.pem in %s: intermediate CA %q until %s, may issue for %s\nroot: %s (%s)\n", name, *out, name,
		cert.NotAfter.Format("2006-01-02"), orDash(strings.Join(permits, " ")), filepath.Join(cfg.CADir, "ca.pem"), ca.Fingerprint())
	return nil
}

// rollcall ca rotate -yes: a new root (the old one is kept as a backup). Racks
// must join again and clients trust the new fingerprint.
func caRotateCmd(cfg *Config, args []string) error {
	fs := newFlags("ca rotate")
	yes := fs.Bool("yes", false, "really replace the root")
	_ = fs.Parse(args)
	old, err := loadOrCreateCA(cfg.CADir, "rollcall CA")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if !*yes {
		return fmt.Errorf("this replaces the root %s (delegates: %v); rack controllers then join again and clients trust the new one. Run with -yes", old.Fingerprint(), old.canDelegate())
	}
	bak := cfg.CADir + ".bak-" + time.Now().Format("20060102-150405")
	if err := os.Rename(cfg.CADir, bak); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	ca, err := loadOrCreateCA(cfg.CADir, "rollcall CA")
	if err != nil {
		_ = os.Rename(bak, cfg.CADir)
		return err
	}
	if st, err := os.Stat(bak); err == nil {
		_ = os.Chmod(cfg.CADir, st.Mode().Perm())
		if own, ok := fileOwner(bak); ok {
			_ = chownTree(cfg.CADir, own[0], own[1])
		}
	}
	fmt.Printf("new root %s\nold root kept in %s\nnext: restart rollcall; on each rack controller `rollcall rack join` with a new join code; clients trust the new fingerprint\n", ca.Fingerprint(), bak)
	return nil
}

// fileOwner returns uid, gid of path (unix).
func fileOwner(path string) ([2]int, bool) {
	st, err := os.Stat(path)
	if err != nil {
		return [2]int{}, false
	}
	if s, ok := st.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); ok {
		return [2]int{int(s.Uid), int(s.Gid)}, true
	}
	return [2]int{}, false
}

func chownTree(root string, uid, gid int) error {
	return filepath.Walk(root, func(p string, _ os.FileInfo, err error) error {
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		return os.Lchown(p, uid, gid)
	})
}