A vLLM model can carry PEFT adapters, registered at start, or with max_loaded_adapters held at most N per replica: the router loads an adapter through vLLM's runtime LoRA API when a request first wants it, sends the adapter's requests to a replica that holds it while that one is not saturated, loads each cold adapter once, and unloads the least recently used idle one to make room. llama.cpp keeps loading every adapter at start. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>